5.3.3 |
OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE? |
The first theorist on relevancy wrote that one of the
'distinctive advantages' of the term relevance lies in its
bringing out its 'subjectivity'. By this
'e did not mean,
however, that the relevant is an arbitrary creation of the
individual subject, but that the relevance of something depends
on 'its value for us and our attitude towards it'. Thus
'er subjective was merely
meant to mean relational. Nevertheless,
because of its 'selectiveness' one might select too little or
too much, and --as the argument continued-- relevancy
remains a risky affair. (Incidentally, this disputableness of the
concept was assessed as an advantage.)
Now, A may be taller than B and shorter than C, yet this does
not make being taller than and being shorter than merely
subjective terms: that a notion is relational in no way forces
us to adopt subjectivism with respect to that notion. Thus when
an ethical theorist writes that whatever 'difference of kind
between persons and situations any particular moral thinker
sincerely takes to be relevant are so for him', 'e confuses the
relational nature of relevancy with its being 'relative' or
'subjective' in the sense of not objective. There is nothing
inconsistent tho in maintaining that a certain difference
appears 'relevant from one interested point of view' and not
from another while claiming at the same time that the difference
is 'objectively morally relevant in a certain context' so long
as the context is allowed to vary with someone's situation or
conditions.
The doxastic view on relevancy is, of course, inherently
subjective. This is not only the case in phenomenological
thought, but also certain (more) analytical philosophers have
argued that whether an attitude is relevant or not depends on
'the outlook and scales of value of different persons'. 'No
amount of intimate acquaintance with the circumstances of the
action can avail against the indeterminacy of boundaries of
relevance' --it has been said. Altho one theorist argued for
the 'objectivity' of relevancy (or rather the truth of beliefs
which make considerations relevant), 'e derived this 'objectivity'
not from the relevance relation itself but from the purported
invariability of the focus. For
'im the kind of focus of
relevancy was given by the very purpose for which people
deliberate and weigh the pros and cons. People's so-called
'fundamental consideration-making belief' would simply be the
maximization of satisfactions and the minimization of frustrations.
But even if this goal were given, or not contested anymore, it would
not prove relevancy itself to be an objective notion.
Also the objectivity of moral relevancy has been
wholeheartedly supported. Thus it has been claimed that what is
morally relevant is 'not an arbitrary matter, or a matter of
choice or opinion'. Yet, the question of the choice of focus
(a moral goal in this case) is confused here, too, with the
question of the opinion someone may have about the relation itself.
That relevancy is a matter of choice because of its
relational nature does not imply that it must also be a matter
of opinion. Given the focus of relevancy chosen, something is or
is not relevant in respect of this focus, regardless of what a
certain person or 'er opponent may opine. The objectivity of
relevancy is no different from that of truth, if one accepts
that there is an objective, nonpropositional reality which is
entirely independent of one's talking or thinking about it.
Given a particular goal, then, the relevance or irrelevance of
an entity of the appropriate category with respect to that goal
is fixed. The practical, real-life problem is, of course, to
know what is relevant and what is irrelevant in respect of a
certain goal. Those who do not go beyond the notion of what
people believe to be relevant have a doxastic conception of
relevancy. The equivalent with respect to truth would be that
truth is all a matter of what one believes to be true, or of
what the group or society in which one lives takes to be true,
for example, because that's the most satisfactory (as in the
pragmatist theory of truth).
The phenomenological 'relevances' we have been acquainted
with are basically doxastic. Where the phenomenological theorist
on relevancy speaks of 'knowledge' it includes all kinds of
belief, thus being nothing else than belief. (And therefore it
does not deserve the epithet epistemic.) The domains and
systems of (doxastic) relevances are part of, or constitute, the
'relative natural conception of the world' prevailing in a
particular group or society --it is said. This conception would
determine or codetermine, for example, 'the competences and
qualifications everyone eligible for a position has to possess'.
But now, it is also argued that often 'elements are included in
the definition which have no, or merely a remote, connection
with the proper fulfillment of the particular position'. The
matter discussed in this context is that people over thirty-five
years of age are excluded from eligibility for certain jobs.
Thus elements which are properly speaking irrelevant in respect
of a certain requirement turn out to be frequently included in a
particular group or society's conception nevertheless. One such
qualification which can be irrelevant (altho not doxastically to judge
by the phenomenologist's own assumptions) is being-35-years-of-age,
if the focus of relevancy is merely the eligibility for a position.
To notice this means, however, that the phenomenologist
does take cognizance of the fact, albeit unwittingly,
that doxastic relevancy is something else than relevancy proper
after all. Especially when 'e also speaks of 'fictitious schemes
of relevances' 'imself 'e cannot but admit that doxastic relevancy
is one thing, and objective relevancy quite another. This example
should underline again that (at least) the relevancy of
discrimination is not a matter of belief but an entirely objective
notion in the sense given here.
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